HYDROGEN

    HYDROGEN

Hydrogen has the simplest atomic structure among all the elements around us in Nature. In atomic form it consists of only one proton and one electron. However, in elemental form it exists as a diatomic (H₂) molecule and is called di hydrogen.

POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table.

However, its placement in the periodic table has been a subject of discussion in the past. Now As we know that the elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their electronic configurations. Hydrogen has electronic configuration 1s1.

So, On one hand, its electronic configuration is similar to the outer electronic configuration (ns¹) of alkali metals, which belong to the first group of the periodic table.

On the other hand, like halogens (with ns²np⁵ configuration belonging to the seventeenth group of the periodic table), it is short by one electron to the corresponding noble gas configuration, helium (1s²). Hydrogen, therefore, has resemblance to alkali metals, which lose one electron to form uni positive ions, as well as with halogens, which gain one electron to form uni negative ion. Like alkali metals, hydrogen forms oxides, halides and sulphides. However, unlike alkali metals, it has a very high ionization enthalpy and does not possess metallic characteristics under normal conditions. In fact, in terms of ionization enthalpy, hydrogen resembles more with halogens, ∆i H of Li is 520 kJ mol^–1, F is 1680 kJ mol^–1and that of H is 1312 kJ mol^–1. Like halogens, it forms a diatomic molecule, combines with elements to form hydrides and a large number of covalent compounds.

However, in terms of reactivity, it is very low as compared to halogens.

Inspite of the fact that hydrogen, to a certain extent resembles both with alkali metals and halogens, it differs from them as well. Now the pertinent question arises as where should it be placed in the periodic table?

Loss of the electron from hydrogen atom results in nucleus (H⁺) of ~1.5×10^–3 pm size. This is extremely small as compared to normal atomic and ionic sizes of 50 to 200pm. As a consequence, H⁺ does not exist freely and is

always associated with other atoms or molecules. Thus, it is unique in behaviour and is, therefore, best placed separately in the periodic table

DIHYDROGEN, H₂

Occurrence

Dihydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe (70% of the total mass of the universe) and is the principal element in the solar atmosphere. The giant planets Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly of hydrogen.

However, due to its light nature, it is much less abundant (0.15% by mass) in the earth’s atmosphere. Of course, in the combined form it constitutes 15.4% of the earth's crust and the oceans. In the combined form besides in

water, it occurs in plant and animal tissues, carbohydrates, proteins, hydrides including hydrocarbons and many other compounds.

Isotopes of Hydrogen

Hydrogen has three isotopes: protium, ₁H¹, deuterium, ₁H²or D and tritium, ₁H³ or T.

Q. How these isotopes differ from each other ?

Ans. These isotopes differ from one another in respect of the presence of neutrons. Ordinary hydrogen, protium, has no neutrons, deuterium (also known as heavy hydrogen) has one and tritium has two neutrons in the nucleus. In the year 1934, an American scientist, Harold C. Urey, got Nobel Prize for separating hydrogen isotope of mass number 2 by physical methods.

Of these isotopes, only tritium is radioactive and emits low energy α– particles (t½, 12.33 years). Since the isotopes have the same electronicconfiguration, they have almost the same chemical properties. The only difference is in their rates of reactions, mainly due to their different enthalpy of bond dissociation. However, in physical properties these isotopes differ considerably due to their large mass differences.

PREPARATION OF DIHYDROGEN, H₂

Laboratory Preparation ofDihydrogen

(i) It is usually prepared by the reaction of granulated zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Zn + 2H⁺→Zn²⁺ + H₂

(ii) It can also be prepared by the reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali.

Zn + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂

Sodium zincate

Commercial Production of Dihydrogen

The commonly used processes are outlined below:

(i) Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum electrodes gives hydrogen.



(ii) High purity (>99.95%) dihydrogen is obtained by electrolysing warm aqueous barium hydroxide solution between nickel electrodes.

(iii) It is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by the electrolysis of brine

solution. During electrolysis, the reactions that take place are:

at anode: 2Cl^–(aq) →Cl₂(g) + 2e^–

at cathode: 2H₂O (l) + 2e^– →H₂(g) + 2OH^–(aq)

The overall reaction is

2Na⁺ (aq) + 2Cl^–(aq) + 2H₂O(l) ---- Cl₂(g) + H₂(g) + 2Na⁺ (aq) + 2OH^–(aq)

(iv) Reaction of steam on hydrocarbons or coke at high temperatures in the presence of catalyst yields hydrogen.

The mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas. As this mixture of CO and H2 is used for the synthesis of methanol and a number of hydrocarbons, it is also called synthesis gas or 'syngas'. Nowadays 'syngas' is produced from sewage, saw-dust, scrap wood,newspapers etc. The process of producing 'syngas' from coal is called 'coal gasification'.

The production of dihydrogen can be increased by reacting carbon monoxide of syngas mixtures with steam in the presence of iron chromate as catalyst.



This is called water-gas shift reaction. Carbon dioxide is removed by scrubbing with sodium arsenite solution.

Note--Presently ~77% of the industrial dihydrogen is produced from petro-chemicals, 18% from coal, 4% from electrolysis of aqueous solutions and 1% from other sources.

PROPERTIES OF DIHYDROGEN

Physical Properties

Dihydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, combustible gas. It is lighter than air and insoluble in water.

Chemical Properties

The chemical behaviour of dihydrogen (and for that matter any molecule) is determined, to a large extent, by bond dissociation enthalpy. The H–H bond dissociation enthalpy is the highest for a single bond between two atoms of any element.

Q. What inferences would you draw from this fact ?

Ans. It is because of this factor that the dissociation of dihydrogen into its atoms is only ~0.081% around 2000K which increases to 95.5% at 5000K. Also, it is relatively inert at room temperature due to thehigh H–H bond enthalpy.

Thus, the atomic hydrogen is produced at a high temperature in an electric arc or under ultraviolet radiations. Since its orbital is incomplete with 1s1 electronic configuration, it does combine with almost all the elements. It accomplishes reactions by

(i) loss of the only electron to give H+, (ii) gain of an electron to form H–, and

(iii) sharing electrons to form a single covalent bond.

The chemistry of dihydrogen can be illustrated by the following reactions:

Reaction with halogens: It reacts with halogens, X2 to give hydrogen halides, HX,



While the reaction with fluorine occurs even in the dark, with iodine it requires a catalyst.

Reaction with dioxygen: It reacts with dioxygen to form water. The reaction is highly exothermic.

Reaction with dinitrogen: With dinitrogenit forms ammonia.



This is the method for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process.

Reactions with metals:With many metals it combines at high a temperature to yield the corresponding hydrides

H₂(g) +2M(g) → 2MH(s); where M is an alkali metal

Reactions with metal ions and metal oxides: It reduces some metal ions in aqueoussolution and oxides of metals (less active than iron) into corresponding metals.



Reactions with organic compounds: It reacts with many organic compounds in the presence of catalysts to give useful hydrogenated products of commercial importance. For example :

(i) Hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) of vegetable oils using nickel as catalyst gives edible fats

(margarine and vanaspati ghee)

(ii) Hydroformylation of olefins yields aldehydes which further undergo reduction to give alcohols.

Uses of Dihydrogen

---The largest single use of dihydrogen is in the synthesis of ammonia which is used in the manufacture of nitric acid and nitrogenous fertilizers.

---Dihydrogen is used in the manufacture of vanaspati fat by the hydrogenation of polyunsaturated vegetable oils like soyabean, cotton seeds etc.

---It is used in the manufacture of bulk organic chemicals, particularly methanol.



---It is widely used for the manufacture of metal hydrides

---It is used for the preparation of hydrogen chloride, a highly useful chemical.

---In metallurgical processes, it is used to reduce heavy metal oxides to metals.

---Atomic hydrogen and oxy-hydrogen torches find use for cutting and welding purposes. Atomic hydrogen atoms

(produced by dissociation of dihydrogen with the help of an electric arc) are allowed to recombine on the surface to be welded to generate the temperature of 4000 K.

---It is used as a rocket fuel in space research.

--Dihydrogen is used in fuel cells for generating electrical energy. It has many advantages over the conventional fossil fuels and electric power. It does not produceany pollution and releases greater energy per unit mass of fuel in comparison to gasoline and other fuels.

HYDRIDES

Dihydrogen, under certain reaction conditions, combines with almost all elements, except noble gases, to form binary compounds, called hydrides. If ‘E’ is the symbol of an element then hydride can be expressed as EHx (e.g., MgH₂) or EmHn (e.g., B₂H₆).

The hydrides are classified into three categories :

(i) Ionic or saline or saltlike hydrides

(ii) Covalent or molecular hydrides

(iii) Metallic or non-stoichiometric hydrides

1 Ionic or Saline Hydrides

These are stoichiometric compounds of dihydrogen formed with most of the s-block elements which are highly electropositive in character. However, significant covalent character is found in the lighter metal hydrides such as LiH, BeH₂and MgH₂. In fact BeH₂ and MgH₂ are polymeric in structure. The ionic hydrides are crystalline, non-volatile and nonconducting in solid state. However, their melts conduct electricity and on electrolysis liberate

dihydrogen gas at anode, which confirms the existence of H– ion.

Saline hydrides react violently with water producing dihydrogen gas.



Lithium hydride is rather unreactive at moderate temperatures with O₂ or Cl₂. It is, therefore, used in the synthesis of other useful hydrides, e.g.,

8LiH + Al₂Cl₆→ 2LiAlH₄ + 6LiCl

2LiH + B₂H₆→ 2LiBH₄

Covalent or Molecular Hydride

Dihydrogen forms molecular compounds with most of the p-block elements. Most familiar examples are CH₄, NH₃, H₂O and HF.

Note--For convenience hydrogen compounds of nonmetals have also been considered as hydrides. Being covalent, they are volatile compounds.

Molecular hydrides are further classified according to the relative numbers of electrons and bonds in their Lewis structure into :

(i) electron-deficient, An electron-deficient hydride, as the name suggests, has few electrons less for writing its conventional Lewis structure. Diborane (B₂H₆) is an example. In fact all elements of group 13

will form electron-deficient compounds.

Q. What do you expect from their behaviour?

Ans. They act as Lewis acids i.e., electron acceptors.

(ii) electron-precise, Electron-precise compounds have the required number of electrons to write their conventional Lewis structures. All elements of group 14 form such compounds (e.g., CH₄) which are tetrahedral in geometry.

(iii) Electron-rich hydrides.Electron-rich hydrides have excess electrons which are present as lone pairs. Elements of group 15-17 form such compounds. (NH₃has 1- lone pair, H₂O – 2 and HF –3 lone pairs).

Q. What do you expect from the behaviour of such compounds ?

Ans. They will behave as Lewis bases i.e., electron donors. The presence of lone pairs on highly electronegative

atoms like N, O and F in hydrides results in hydrogen bond formation between the molecules. This leads to the association of molecules.

Q. Would you expect the hydrides of N, O and F to have lower boiling points than the hydrides of their subsequent group members ? Give reasons.

Ans. No, They have higher boiling points than the hydrides of their subsequent group members due to hydrogen bonding.

Metallic or Non-stoichiometric(or Interstitial ) Hydrides

These are formed by many d-block and f-block elements. However, the metals of group 7, 8 and 9 do not form hydride. Even from group 6, only chromium forms CrH. These hydrides conduct heat and electricity though not as efficiently as their parent metals do. Unlike saline hydrides, they are almost always nonstoichiometric, being deficient in hydrogen. For example, LaH _2.87, YbH _2.55, TiH _1.5–1.8, ZrH _1.3–1.75, VH _0.56, NiH _0.6–0.7, PdH _0.6–0.8 etc. In such hydrides, the law of constant composition does not hold good.

Earlier it was thought that in these hydrides, hydrogen occupies interstices in the metal lattice producing distortion without any change in its type. Consequently, they were termed as interstitial hydrides. However, recent studies have shown that except for hydrides of Ni, Pd, Ce and Ac, other hydrides of this class have lattice different from that of the parent metal. The property of absorption of hydrogen on transition metals is widely used in catalytic reduction / hydrogenation reactions for the preparation of large number of compounds.

Note--Some of the metals (e.g., Pd, Pt) can accommodate a very large volume of hydrogen and, therefore, can be used as its storage media. This property has high potential for hydrogen storage and as a source of energy.

WATER

A major part of all living organisms is made up of water. Human body has about 65% and some plants have as much as 95% water. It is a crucial compound for the survival of all life forms. It is a solvent of great importance. The distribution of water over the earth’s surface is not uniform.

Physical Properties of Water

It is a colourless and tasteless liquid.. The unusual properties of water in the condensed phase (liquid and solid states) are due to the presence of extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules. This leads to high freezing point, high boiling point, highheat of vaporisation and high heat of fusion in comparison to H₂S and H₂Se.In comparison to other liquids, water has a higher specific heat, thermal conductivity, surface tension,

dipole moment and dielectric constant, etc. These properties allow water to play a key role in the biosphereThe high heat of vaporisation and heat capacity are responsible for moderation of the climate and body temperature of living beings. It is an excellent solvent for transportation of ions and molecules required for plant andanimal metabolism. Due to hydrogen bonding with polar molecules, even covalent compounds like alcohol and carbohydrates dissolve in water.

Structure of Water

In the gas phase water is a bent molecule with a bond angle of 104.5°, and O–H bond length of 95.7 pm  It is a highlypolar molecule,I

The bent structure of water; (b) the water molecule as a dipole and (c) the orbital overlap picture in water molecule.

In the liquid phasewater molecules are associated together by hydrogen bonds.

The crystalline form of water is ice. At atmospheric pressure ice crystallises in the hexagonal form, but at very low temperaturesit condenses to cubic form. Density of ice isless than that of water. Therefore, an ice cube

floats on water. In winter season ice formed on the surface of a lake provides thermal insulation which ensures the survival of the aquatic life. This fact is of great ecological significance.

Structure of Ice

Ice has a highly ordered three dimensional hydrogen bonded structure. Examination of ice crystals withX-rays shows that each oxygen atom is surrounded tetrahedrally by four other oxygen atoms at a distance of 276 pm.

Hydrogen bonding gives ice a rather open type structure with wide holes. These holes can hold some other molecules of appropriate size interstitially.

Chemical Properties of Water

Water reacts with a large number of substances.

(1) Amphoteric Nature: It has the ability to act as an acid as well as a base i.e., it behaves as an amphoteric substance. In the Brönsted sense it acts as an acid with NH₃ and a base with H₂S.

The auto-protolysis (self-ionization) of water takes place as follows :

(2) Redox Reactions Involving Water: Water can be easily reduced to dihydrogen by highly electropositive metals.



Thus, it is a great source of dihydrogen.

Water is oxidised to O₂during photosynthesis.

6CO₂(g) + 12H₂O(l) → C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + 6H₂O(l) + 6O₂(g)

With fluorine also it is oxidised to O2.

2F₂(g) + 2H₂O(l) → 4H+ (aq) + 4F–(aq) + O₂(g)

(3) Hydrolysis Reaction: Due to high dielectric constant, it has a very strong hydrating tendency. It dissolves many ionic compounds. However, certain covalent and some ionic compounds are hydrolysed in water.



(4) Hydrates Formation: From aqueous solutions many salts can be crystallised as hydrated salts. Such an association of water is of different types viz.,

(i) coordinated water e.g.,



(ii) interstitial water e.g.,

(iii) hydrogen-bonded watere.g.,



Hard and Soft Water

Rain water is almost pure (may contain some dissolved gases from the atmosphere). Being a good solvent, when it flows on the surface of the earth, it dissolves many salts. Presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the form of hydrogencarbonate, chloride and sulphate in water makes water‘hard’.

Hard water does not give lather with soap. Water free from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium is called Soft water. It gives lather with soap easily.

Hard water forms scum/precipitate with soap. Soap containing sodium stearate (C₁₇H₃₅COONa) reacts with hard water to precipitate out Ca/Mg stearate.

Hence hard water is unsuitable for laundry. It is harmful for boilers as well, because of deposition of salts in the form of scale. This reduces the efficiency of the boiler. Thehardness of water is of two types:

(i) temporaryhardness, and (ii) permanent hardness.

Temporary Hardness

Temporary hardness is due to the presence of magnesium and calcium hydrogencarbonates. It can be removed by:

(i) Boiling: During boiling, the soluble Mg(HCO₃)₂ is converted into insoluble Mg(OH)₂ and Ca(HCO₃)₂is changed to insoluble CaCO₃. It is because of high solubility product of Mg(OH)₂ as compared to that of MgCO₃, that Mg(OH)₂ is precipitated. These precipitates can be removed by filtration. Filtrate thus obtained will be soft water.



(ii) Clark’s method: In this method calculated amount of lime is added to hard water. It precipitates out calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which can be filtered off.





Permanent Hardness It is due to the presence of soluble salts of magnesium and calcium in the form of chlorides and sulphates in water. Permanent hardness is not removed by boiling. It can be removed by the following methods:

(i) Treatment with washing soda (sodium carbonate): Washing soda reacts with soluble calcium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates in hard water to form insoluble carbonates.

(ii) Calgon’s method: Sodium hexametaphosphate (Na₆P₆O₁₈), commercially called ‘calgon’, when added to hard water, the following reactions take place.

The complex anion keeps the Mg ²⁺and Ca ²⁺ ions in solution.

(iii) Ion-exchange method: This method is also called zeolite/permutit process. Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate is zeolite/permutit. For the sake of simplicity, sodium aluminium silicate (NaAlSiO₄) can be written as NaZ. When this is added in hard water, exchange reactions take place.



Permutit/zeolite is said to be exhausted when all the sodium in it is used up. It is regenerated for further use by treating with an aqueous sodium chloride solution.



(iv) Synthetic resins method:Nowadays hard water is softened by using synthetic cation exchangers. This method is more efficient than zeolite process. Cation exchange resins contain large organic molecule with - SO₃H

group and are water insoluble. Ion exchange resin (RSO₃H) is changed to RNa by treating it with NaCl. The resin exchanges Na⁺ ions with Ca ²⁺and Mg ²⁺ ions present in hard water to make the water soft. Here R is resin anion.



The resin can be regenerated by adding aqueous NaCl solution.

Pure de-mineralised (de-ionized) water free from all soluble mineral salts is obtained by passing water successively through a cation exchange (in the H⁺form) and an anion exchange (in the OH^– form) resins:



In this cation exchange process, H⁺exchanges for Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and other cations present in water. This process results in proton release and thus makes the water acidic. In the anion exchange process:



OH^–exchanges for anions like Cl^–, HCO₃^–, SO₄^2–etc. present in water. OH^– ions, thus, liberated neutralise the H⁺ ions set free in the cation exchange.



The exhausted cation and anion exchange resin beds are regenerated by treatment with dilute acid and alkali solutions respectively.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H₂O₂)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.

Preparation It can be prepared by the following methods.

(i) Acidifying barium peroxide and removing excess water by evaporation under reduced pressure gives hydrogen peroxide.



(ii) Peroxodisulphate, obtained by electrolytic oxidation of acidified sulphate solutions at high current density,

on hydrolysis yields hydrogen peroxide.



This method is now used for the laboratory preparation of D₂O₂.



(iii) Industrially it is prepared by the autooxidation of 2-alklylanthraquinols.



In this case 1% H₂O₂is formed. It is extracted with water and concentrated to ~30% (by mass) by distillation under reduced pressure. It can be further concentrated to ~85% by careful distillation under low pressure. The remaining water can be frozen out to obtain pure H₂O₂.

Physical Properties-- In the pure state H₂O₂ is an almost colourless (very pale blue) liquid.. H₂O₂ is miscible with water in all proportions and forms a hydrate H₂O₂.H₂O(mp 221K). A 30% solution of H₂O₂ is marketed

as ‘100 volume’ hydrogen peroxide. It means that one millilitre of 30% H₂O₂solution will give 100 V of oxygen at STP. Commercially, it is marketed as 10 V, which means it contains 3% H₂O₂

Structure-- Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure. The molecular dimensions in the gas phase and solid phase are shown in Fig.

Fig. (a) H₂O₂structure in gas phase, dihedral angle is 111.5°. (b) H₂O₂structure in solid phase at 110K, dihedral angle is 90.2°.

Chemical Properties--It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic and alkaline media. Simple

reactions are described below.

(i) Oxidising action in acidic medium--



Second reaction is used to brighten the old oil paintings.

(ii) Reducing action in acidic medium

(iii) Oxidising action in basic medium

(iv) Reducing action in basic medium



Storage----H₂O₂decomposes slowly on exposure to light.



In the presence of metal surfaces or traces of alkali (present in glass containers), the above reaction is catalysed. It is, therefore, stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in dark. Urea can be added as a stabiliser. It is kept away from dust because dust can induce explosive decomposition of the compound.

Uses---Its wide scale use has led to tremendous increase in the industrial production of H₂O₂. Some uses are --

(i) In daily life it is used as a hair bleach and as a mild disinfectant. As an antiseptic it is sold in the market as perhydrol.

(ii) It is used to manufacture chemicals like sodium perborate and per-carbonate, which are used in high quality detergents.

(iii) It is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone, tartaric acid and certain food products and pharmaceuticals (cephalosporin) etc.

(iv) It is employed in the industries as a bleaching agent for textiles, paper pulp, leather, oils, fats, etc.

(v) Nowadays it is also used in Environmental (Green) Chemistry. For example, in pollution control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents, oxidation of cyanides, restoration of aerobic conditions to sewage wastes, etc.

HEAVY WATER, D₂O

It is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange reactions for thestudy of reaction mechanisms. It can be prepared by exhaustive electrolysis of water or as a by-product in some fertilizer industries.

It is used for the preparation of other deuterium compounds, for example:



DIHYDROGEN AS A FUEL

Dihydrogen releases large quantities of heat on combustion. On a mass for mass basis dihydrogen can release more energy than petrol (about three times). Moreover, pollutants in combustion of dihydrogen will be less than petrol. The only pollutants will be the oxides of dinitrogen (due to the presence of dinitrogen as impurity with dihydrogen). This, of course, can be minimized by injecting a small amount of waterinto the

cylinder to lower the temperature so that the reaction between dinitrogen and dioxygen may not take place. However, the mass of the containers in which dihydrogen will be kept must be taken into consideration. A cylinder of compressed dihydrogen weighs about 30 times as much as a tank of petrol containing the same amount of energy. Also, dihydrogen gas is converted into liquid state by cooling to 20K. This would require expensive insulated tanks. Tanks of metal alloy like NaNi₅, Ti–TiH₂, Mg–MgH₂etc. are in use for storage of dihydrogen in small quantities.

These limitations have prompted researchers to search for alternative techniques to use dihydrogen in an efficient way.

In this view Hydrogen Economy is an alternative. The basic principle of hydrogen economy is the transportation and storage of energy in the form of liquid or gaseous dihydrogen. Advantage of hydrogen economy is that energy is transmitted in the form of dihydrogen and not as electric power. It is for the first time in the history of India that a pilot project using dihydrogen as fuel was launched in October 2005 for running automobiles. Initially 5% dihydrogen has been mixed in CNG for use in four-wheeler vehicles. The percentage of dihydrogen would be gradually increased to reach the optimum level. Nowadays, it is also used in fuel cells for generation of electric power. It is expected that economically viable and safe sources of dihydrogen will be identified in the years to

come, for its usage as a common source of energy.


Chemistry for class 11.....
elements-of-group-13-p-block-elements
states-of-matter-liquids-and-solids
geometric-isomerism-different-geometries
chemical-thermodynamics
introducation-of-carbon-chemistry
electrons-in-atom-and-periodic-table
hybridisation
intermolecular-forces-liquid-and-solids
niels-bohr-atomic-model
iupac-nomenclature-of-organic-compounds
chemical-bonding-molecular-geometry
molecular-orbital-theory
heisenberg-uncertainty-principle
some-basic-concepts-of-chemistry
equilibrium
environmental-chemistry
hydrogen
structure-of-atom

classification-of-elements

sharma sir,scceducation,scc,ssc,free cbse notes,free study material,maths,mathematics,science,9718041826, HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN, HYDROGEN

Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Google Plus Share on whatsapp